Titanium Dioxide

Used as a white pigment and UV filter in cosmetics. Titanium Dioxide primarily functions as a physical UV filter, reflecting and scattering ultraviolet (UV) radiation (both UVA and UVB) before it penetrates the skin. It creates a physical barrier on the skin surface, absorbing UV photons and then re-emitting them at longer, less damaging wavelengths, or reflecting them away. Its efficacy is highly dependent on particle size, with micronized and nano-sized forms providing broad-spectrum protection while minimizing a white cast.

The Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel has assessed Titanium Dioxide as safe for use in cosmetics. The FDA approves it as an OTC sunscreen active ingredient up to 25% and as a color additive. It is generally considered non-irritating and non-sensitizing, with negligible dermal absorption; safety concerns primarily relate to inhalation of ultrafine particles in spray or powdered forms, not topical application.

Look for products with 2-25% (as an active sunscreen ingredient in OTC products). As a pigment or opacifying agent, concentrations can vary widely but are typically lower, often 0.1-10%. for clinical efficacy.