Pyruvic Acid

An alpha-hydroxy acid (AHA) that can exfoliate the skin and improve texture. Pyruvic acid, an alpha-keto acid, primarily acts as a keratolytic agent, promoting exfoliation by disrupting the cohesion between corneocytes in the stratum corneum, leading to desquamation. It also exhibits sebostatic properties by reducing sebum production, antimicrobial effects against certain skin bacteria, and mild depigmenting activity, potentially through the inhibition of tyrosinase enzyme activity and interference with melanin synthesis.

Pyruvic acid is generally considered safe for topical cosmetic use at low concentrations. At higher concentrations, especially in chemical peels, it can cause transient irritation, erythema, burning, and stinging. The CIR Expert Panel has not specifically assessed pyruvic acid, but has reviewed related alpha-hydroxy acids, noting safety is dependent on concentration, pH, and formulation.

Look for products with For professional chemical peels, concentrations typically range from 20-50%. In at-home cosmetic formulations designed for daily or frequent use, it is generally incorporated at lower concentrations, usually 1-10%. for clinical efficacy.